H5N1 influenza virus stability and transmission risk in raw milk and cheese
Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses have recently spread to dairy cattle, with high levels of virus detected in milk from affected animals, raising concern about the risk posed by unpasteurized dairy products consumed by humans.
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Detected in 41 Species at Risk in Canada
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx virus clade 2.3.4.4b has impacted wild birds and mammals in Canada since late 2021.
Dairy cow- and avian-origin clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 induce severe mastitis in lactating goats and transmission to suckling goats
The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has led to unprecedented spillover and spread among US dairy cows, raising concerns about transmission to other ruminants.
H5N1 Bird Flu continues to take its toll in the United States
Clade 2.3.4.4b of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus causing outbreaks in wild and domestic birds around the world, continues to spread in dairy cows, poultry and other animals across the United States.
Molecular divergence and convergence of mammalian antibody responses to the influenza virus hemagglutinin stem
Since pigs serve as intermediate hosts between humans and the natural reservoir of influenza viruses in wild birds, they play a key role in the emergence of influenza strains with pandemic potential, as demonstrated by the 2009 pandemic.
Circumpolar spread of avian influenza H5N1 to southern Indian Ocean islands
Since 2020, the outbreak of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus clade 2.3.4.4b has turned into the largest documented panzootic 1,3.
Pasteurized Milk Serves as a Passive Surveillance Tool for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Dairy Cattle
The emergence of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) clade 2.3.4.4b in dairy cattle across multiple U.S. states in early 2024 marks a major shift in the virus’s host range and epidemiological profile.
Repeated oral exposure to H5N1 influenza virus in pasteurized milk does not cause adverse responses to subsequent influenza infection
In March 2024, a highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 (HPAI) clade 2.3.4.4b virus was identified in US dairy cows, with spillover to cats, poultry, and humans.
