Human infection challenge permits in-depth, early, and pre-symptomatic characterization of the immune response, enabling the identification of factors that are important for viral clearance.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in children.

Repeated doses of mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 result in increased proportions of anti-spike antibodies of the IgG4 subclass.

Bivalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccines were recommended in the US for children and adolescents aged 12 years or older on September 1, 2022, and for children aged 5 to 11 years on October 12, 2022.

Since the COVID-19 pandemic began, wastewater-based surveillance has been used to track circulation levels of SARS-CoV-2.

Recent studies have suggested that memory T cells play a critical role in protecting individuals immunized with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines against variants

During the COVID-19 pandemic, levels of seasonal influenza virus circulation were unprecedentedly low, leading to concerns that a lack of exposure to influenza viruses, combined with waning antibody titres.

Type 2 diabetes is associated with increased tumor necrosis factor-α by CD8 T cells. Increased granzyme B production by natural killer cells and γδ T cells is observed in type 2 diabetes.

Long COVID is an often debilitating illness that occurs in at least 10% of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections.

The efficacy of the BNT162b2 vaccine in pediatrics was assessed by randomised trials before the Omicron variant’s emergence.